Working Properties: The timber is difficult to work on account of its hardness, severe blunting effect on cutting edges.  In planning a cutting angle of 10 to 15 degrees is suggested to prevent tearing of irregular grain.

Durability: Heartwood is rated as very durable.

Preservation: Extremely resistant to preservative treatments.

Uses: Used for heavy exterior construction and marine work, flooring, railroad crossties, tool handles, turnery.  The bark is extracted for its tannin